From the perspective of the history of humans in civilization,
dating as an institution is a relatively recent phenomenon which has
mainly emerged in the last few centuries. From the standpoint of anthropology and sociology, dating is linked with other institutions such as marriage and the family
which have also been changing rapidly and which have been subject to
many forces, including advances in technology and medicine. As humans
have evolved from the hunter-gatherers into civilized societies
and more recently into modern societies, there have been substantial
changes in the relationship between men and women, with perhaps the only
biological constant being that both adult women and men must have sexual intercourse for human procreation to happen.[3]
Humans have been compared to other species in terms of sexual behavior. Neurobiologist Robert Sapolsky constructed a reproductive spectrum with opposite poles being tournament species, in which males compete fiercely for reproductive privileges with females, and pair bond arrangements, in which a male and female will bond for life.[4] According to Sapolsky, humans are somewhat in the middle of this spectrum, in the sense that humans form pair bonds, but there is the possibility of cheating or changing partners.[4] These species-particular behavior patterns provide a context for aspects of human reproduction, including dating. The institution describing a male-female bond has generally been known as marriage, although what constitutes a marriage has varied widely over time and by culture. In most societies, and during much of human history, marriages were arranged by parents and older relatives with the goal not being love but "economic stability and political alliances," according to anthropologists.[5] Accordingly, there was little need for a temporary trial period such as dating before any permanent community-recognized union was formed between a man and a woman. Men were the dominant sex in a system of patriarchy.[6] While pair-bonds of varying forms were recognized by most societies as acceptable social arrangements, wives were often seen almost as a form of property serving the function of reproduction. Communities exerted pressure on people to form pair-bonds in places such as Europe; in China, according to sociologist Tang Can, society "demanded people get married before having a sexual relationship"[7] and many societies found that some formally recognized bond between a man and a woman was the best way of rearing and educating children as well as helping to avoid conflicts and misunderstandings regarding competition for mates.
Romeo and Juliet dated, but it did not end well.
Painting by Sir Frank Dicksee
Generally, during much of recorded history of humans in civilization, and into the Middle Ages in Europe, weddings were seen as business
arrangements between families, while romance was something that
happened outside of marriage discreetly, such as covert meetings.[8] The 12th-century book The Art of Courtly Love advised that "True love can have no place between husband and wife."[8]
According to one view, clandestine meetings between men and women,
generally outside of marriage or before marriage, were the precursors to
today's dating.[8]
From about 1700, however, according to professor David Christian of Macquarie University in Australia in a course entitled Big History, a worldwide movement perhaps described as the "empowerment of the individual" took hold, leading to the emancipation of women and the equality of individuals. Men and women became more equal politically, financially, and socially in many nations. Women won the right to vote and own property and receive equal treatment by the law, and these changes had profound impacts on the relationships between men and women. Parental influence declined. Individuals decided––on their own––whether they should marry, who they should marry, and when they should marry. A few centuries ago, dating was sometimes described as a "courtship ritual where young women entertained gentleman callers, usually in the home, under the watchful eye of a chaperone,"[9] but increasingly it became a self-initiated activity with two young people going out as a couple in public together. Still, dating varied considerably by nation, custom, religious upbringing, technology, and social class; for example, one view was that lower-class young men and women would go out in public together since their homes were sometimes seen as not "suitable for entertaining".[9] Movies, meals, meeting in coffeehouses and other places became popular; advice books suggested various strategies for men and women.[10]
In the last century, dating was sometimes seen as a precursor to marriage but it could also be considered as an end-in-itself, that is, an informal social activity akin to friendship. It generally happened in that portion of a person's life before the age of marriage,[11] but as marriage became less permanent with the advent of divorce, dating could happen at other times in peoples lives as well. People became more mobile.[12] Rapidly developing technology played a huge role: new communication technology such as the telephone,[13] Internet[14] and text messaging[15] enabled dates to be arranged without face-to-face contact. Cars extended the range of dating as well as enabled back-seat sexual exploration. In the mid twentieth century, the advent of birth control as well as safer procedures for abortion changed the equation considerably, and there was less pressure to marry as a means for satisfying sexual urges. New types of relationships formed; it was possible for people to live together without marrying and without having to deal with children. Information about human sexuality grew. Alternative arrangements such as homosexuality became more accepted. Today, the institution of dating continues to evolve at a rapid rate with new possibilities and choices opening up.
Humans have been compared to other species in terms of sexual behavior. Neurobiologist Robert Sapolsky constructed a reproductive spectrum with opposite poles being tournament species, in which males compete fiercely for reproductive privileges with females, and pair bond arrangements, in which a male and female will bond for life.[4] According to Sapolsky, humans are somewhat in the middle of this spectrum, in the sense that humans form pair bonds, but there is the possibility of cheating or changing partners.[4] These species-particular behavior patterns provide a context for aspects of human reproduction, including dating. The institution describing a male-female bond has generally been known as marriage, although what constitutes a marriage has varied widely over time and by culture. In most societies, and during much of human history, marriages were arranged by parents and older relatives with the goal not being love but "economic stability and political alliances," according to anthropologists.[5] Accordingly, there was little need for a temporary trial period such as dating before any permanent community-recognized union was formed between a man and a woman. Men were the dominant sex in a system of patriarchy.[6] While pair-bonds of varying forms were recognized by most societies as acceptable social arrangements, wives were often seen almost as a form of property serving the function of reproduction. Communities exerted pressure on people to form pair-bonds in places such as Europe; in China, according to sociologist Tang Can, society "demanded people get married before having a sexual relationship"[7] and many societies found that some formally recognized bond between a man and a woman was the best way of rearing and educating children as well as helping to avoid conflicts and misunderstandings regarding competition for mates.
Painting by Sir Frank Dicksee
From about 1700, however, according to professor David Christian of Macquarie University in Australia in a course entitled Big History, a worldwide movement perhaps described as the "empowerment of the individual" took hold, leading to the emancipation of women and the equality of individuals. Men and women became more equal politically, financially, and socially in many nations. Women won the right to vote and own property and receive equal treatment by the law, and these changes had profound impacts on the relationships between men and women. Parental influence declined. Individuals decided––on their own––whether they should marry, who they should marry, and when they should marry. A few centuries ago, dating was sometimes described as a "courtship ritual where young women entertained gentleman callers, usually in the home, under the watchful eye of a chaperone,"[9] but increasingly it became a self-initiated activity with two young people going out as a couple in public together. Still, dating varied considerably by nation, custom, religious upbringing, technology, and social class; for example, one view was that lower-class young men and women would go out in public together since their homes were sometimes seen as not "suitable for entertaining".[9] Movies, meals, meeting in coffeehouses and other places became popular; advice books suggested various strategies for men and women.[10]
In the last century, dating was sometimes seen as a precursor to marriage but it could also be considered as an end-in-itself, that is, an informal social activity akin to friendship. It generally happened in that portion of a person's life before the age of marriage,[11] but as marriage became less permanent with the advent of divorce, dating could happen at other times in peoples lives as well. People became more mobile.[12] Rapidly developing technology played a huge role: new communication technology such as the telephone,[13] Internet[14] and text messaging[15] enabled dates to be arranged without face-to-face contact. Cars extended the range of dating as well as enabled back-seat sexual exploration. In the mid twentieth century, the advent of birth control as well as safer procedures for abortion changed the equation considerably, and there was less pressure to marry as a means for satisfying sexual urges. New types of relationships formed; it was possible for people to live together without marrying and without having to deal with children. Information about human sexuality grew. Alternative arrangements such as homosexuality became more accepted. Today, the institution of dating continues to evolve at a rapid rate with new possibilities and choices opening up.
